ࡱ;    !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root Entry  !"#$%&'()*+,-./012356789:;<=?@ABCEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~ ®`VTextStarWriter 5.07 SfxDocumentInfo Randy L. Pearson 0P Randy Pearson 01X Randy Pearson 01f,Instructors Notes for Introduction to Linux Classes Linux Class Info 0 Info 1 Info 2 Info 3 01< TASK,0,1,H32,0,100,1,3783;369111;100;0;363960;14310;369390;0;0SWG, A<  #$%&'()*./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDGHK  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFQRSTU0!'@yX'?@ starbatsTimes New RomanXX!'&@d d XX$' @ X' @5X'@TX'@sX+'$@X8'&@X9''@XA'2@dxdX7S;"@!XX8S<&@SXX9S=(@XXJJ@X4.NmFP$' '(. . p. @ . . . . . P. . . !. $. `'. 0*. -. /. 2. p5. @8. ;. =. @. 6')k2] WW-Default Paragraph FontWW-Default Paragraph FontNumbering SymbolsNumbering SymbolsBullet SymbolsBullet Symbols'' Internet link Internet link@!''FrameFrame;7S<8S=9S>> GraphicsGraphics;7S<8S=9S>> OLEOLE;7S<8S=9S>> StandardStandard@'' $'&8''9' Text bodyStandard Text body2A'Table Contents Text bodyTable ContentsJJ Table HeadingTable Contents Table Heading ''$+'JJ^(pNSW5HDR.001X!tWW-Default Paragraph FontNumbering SymbolsBullet Symbols Internet link 324929241Outline0 #R  n#.n$()6n+.starbatsQ n+.starbatsl n+.starbats n+.starbats n+.starbats n+.starbats n+.starbats n+.starbats ZOh+'0L h t 30@{0h@@uv&@+@Randy PearsonRandy L. Pearson Linux ClassClasses-Instructors Notes for Introduction to LinuxSW5HDR.001X!, Frameformat ZeichenformatTextformatvorlageStandard Text bodyTable Contents Table HeadingWW-Default Paragraph FontNumbering SymbolsBullet Symbols Internet link Frame Graphics OLERoot 15Standard  Illustration Table TextDrawingY .Y .Y .Y .q= GeneralGeneraldNC#,###.00#,###.00SystemNC #,##0.00 CCC#,##0.00 CCCNC$#,##0.--;[RED]-$#,##0.-- $#,##0.---$#,##0.--REDNC$ MM/DD/YYYYMM/DD/YYYY def/SystemNC%MM/DD/YYMM/DD/YY def/SystemNC&NNNNMMMM DD, YYYYNNNNMMMM  DD, YYYYSystemNC' MMM D, YYMMM D, YY def/SystemNC. [HH]:MM:SS.00 [HH ]:MM:SS .00NC3MM/DD/YYYY HH:MM:SS MM/DD/YYYY HH :MM:SS  NCK MMM D, YYYYMMM D, YYYY def/SystemNCL MMMM D, YYYYMMMM  D, YYYY def/SystemNCM NN, MMM D, YYNN, MMM D, YY def/SystemNCNNN, MMMM D, YYYYNN, MMMM  D, YYYY def/SystemNCONNNNMMMM D, YYYYNNNNMMMM  D, YYYY def/SystemNCP D. MMM. YYYYD. MMM. YYYYDIN 5008 (EN 28601)NCQ D. MMMM YYYYD. MMMM  YYYYDIN 5008 (EN 28601)NCRMM-DDMM-DDDIN 5008 (EN 28601)NCSYY-MM-DDYY-MM-DDDIN 5008 (EN 28601)NCT YYYY-MM-DDYYYY-MM-DDDIN 5008 (EN 28601)NCUWWWWNCBXoePp 2$99 SUAP/=APdddAPddA PA  PSAAP/=APdddAPddZSW5HDR.001XC(569a(Build:5169)(SV569)]D!Address Book Fileaddress!, Frameformat ZeichenformatTextformatvorlageStandard Text bodyTable Contents Table HeadingWW-Default Paragraph FontNumbering SymbolsBullet Symbols Internet link Frame Graphics OLERoot 15Standard  Illustration Table TextDrawingd$n1 4 5*jK standard.dic soffice.dicXsun.dic@ IgnoreAllList Y .Y .Y .Y .6?N_Tq,Instructor's Notes for Introduction to LinuxS2APdddA @ 3249292413TvWelcome to classS2APdddA @ 324929241A8A8d 3Ts,Introductions, objectives, break areas, etc.S2APddd6A @ 3249292413 TLinux Operating System OverviewS<APdddA A @ 324929241A8d 3T_ ObjectivesS2APddd6A @ 324929241A8 3 T8List the initial advantages of the UNIX operating systemS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TLState the relationship of the Linux operating system to other UNIX platformsS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 Ty0Define the purpose of the Linux operating systemS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 Tm$List a minimum of ten Linux featuresS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 Tu,List any limitations you think are importantS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TdHistory of UNIXS2APddd6A @ 324929241A83 T@UNIX was developed at AT&T Bell Labs in Murray Hill, NJ, in 1969S2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 T9Before UNIX, most computers ran single jobs in batch modeS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 Tx/Computer systems served only one user at a timeS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 T|3The power and speed of computers were underutilizedS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 Tt+It was difficult to share data and programsS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TVUNIX advantagesS2APddd6A @ 3249292413 TR MultiuserS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 Tt)More than one person can use the computerS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TU MultitaskingS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 Tx-Users can run more than one program at a timeS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TT InteractiveS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TBPeople can communication directly with the computer via a terminalS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 Tj!Easier to share data and programsS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 T>UNIX was not the first interactive, multiuser operating systemS2APddd6A @ 3249292413 Tx!Multics was a predecessor of UNIXS2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A8 3 Ty.In use briefly at AT&T before UNIX was createdS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413T^Developed in EuropeS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413T5Compatible Time Sharing System (CTSS) was also in useS2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A8 3 TOKen Thompson was responsible for the original design and implementation of UNIXS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413T[He and other designers took advantage of the work that had gone into CTSS and the CambridgeS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413T_Multiple Access SystemS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 T6They combined the best features of both to create UNIXS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TlBell Labs offered UNIX to educational institutions at a minimal cost when it became widely available in 1975S2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TZMajor UNIX versionsS2APddd6A @ 3249292413 T7Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) of the UNIX systemS2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A8 3 TlThe Computer Science department of the University of California at Berkeley made significant changes to UNIXS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413T]AT&T's UNIX System VS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TESystem V is the basis of XENIX, another popular UNIX operating systemS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A8 3T8UNIX System Laboratories (USL) System V Release 4 (SVR4)S2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TESVR4 combines the best of AT&T and BSD into an industry standard UNIXS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TPFreeBSDS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 Tm"A free version of the BSD platformS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TNLinuxS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TmA free Unix-like clone available from a number of vendors including RedHat, Caldera, Corel Systems and othersS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413T Current versions of Linux incorporate the latest release of the X11 Window System, X11 Release 6 (X11R6), and includes several desktop environments, of which GNOME and KDE are the most popularS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413Tz%Purpose of the Linux Operating SystemS2APddd6A @ 324929241A8%3 TJControls the resources of the computer and allocates their use among usersS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TfLets users run their programsS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TCControls peripheral devices (disks, terminals, printers, and so on)S2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 T=Provides a filesystem that manages the storage of informationS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 Ti Provides security and protectionS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 ToOverview of Linux featuresS2APddd6A @ 324929241A83 TaGraphical user interfaceS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TQCommandsS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TR UtilitiesS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TR MultiuserS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TU MultitaskingS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TOShellsS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TWFile structureS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 T[Levels of securityS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 T\Device independenceS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413  TZPipes and filtersS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413  TT Job controlS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413  TMMailS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413  TPEditorsS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413  T\Batch job executionS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TWFile scrollingS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TdShell functions and aliasesS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TOS<APdddA A @ 3249292413 TqGUI, Commands, and UtilitiesS2APddd6A @ 324929241A83 TgGraphical User Interface (GUI)S2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TFBoth GNOME and KDE provide an easy to use, powerful window environmentS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TBAllows for drag-and-drop operations between supported applicationsS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TXBoth provide graphical versions of most administration and computer management utilitiesS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TuBoth include a number of extra productivity applications, like text editors, calculators, file managers and much moreS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413T_Linux commands includeS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TW BSD commandsS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TX AT&T commandsS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TYLinux commandsS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413T,Muliuser, Multitasking, and Available ShellsS2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A8,3 TT MultiuserS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TkThe Linux operating system can support several users, each running a different set of programs concurrentlyS2APldddA @ 3249292413T7Many people can use the system resources simultaneouslyS2APldddA @ 3249292413TW MultitaskingS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413T@Each user on the system can run more than one job simultaneouslyS2APldddA @ 3249292413T[Available shellsS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TiThe shell is the command interpreter that functions as an interface between the user and operating systemS2APldddA @ 3249292413Tu(Different shells have different featuresS2APldddA @ 3249292413TeAvailable shells includeS2APldddA @ 3249292413TVC shellS2APdddA @ 3249292413TY Korn shellS2APdddA @ 3249292413T[ Bourne shellS2APdddA @ 3249292413T`Restricted shellsS2APdddA @ 3249292413TvWhat are Processes and Daemons?S2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A83 TLA process is the activity that takes place while commands are being executedS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A8  3TlThe kernel assigns a unique process identification number (pid) to each active process running on the systemS2APldddA @ 324929241A8 ?3TDYou will learn to use the pids to identify processes you are runningS2APldddA @ 3249292413TpA daemon is a program (or process) that starts itself with no human intervention and carries out a specific taskS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A8 3TTDaemons handle jobs that have been queued, such as printing, mail, and communicationS2APldddA @ 3249292413TQThe /bin/ps (process state) command reports process status and its associated pidS2APldddA @ 324929241A8  Courier New3T|%File Structure and Levels of SecurityS2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A8%3 TYFile structureS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413T~1A tree-like organization of files and directoriesS2APldddA @ 3249292413Tq$Files are arranged under directoriesS2APldddA @ 3249292413T}0Directories are arranged under other directoriesS2APldddA @ 3249292413Tu(Each user has one primary home directoryS2APldddA @ 3249292413T]Levels of securityS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413T7Users can protect their data from access by other usersS2APldddA @ 3249292413Tw*Users can share selected data and programsS2APldddA @ 3249292413TjDevice IndependenceS2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A83 Tn#Device independent input and outputS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TsDevices are printers, terminals, tape drives, shell windows, and disk files; they appear as files to Linux programsS2APldddA @ 3249292413TrThe Linux operating system can send the output of a command to a device or file; this is called output redirectionS2APldddA @ 324929241A8 `r3TiA program's input, which normally comes from the keyboard, can be redirected so it comes from a disk fileS2APldddA @ 3249292413TaInput and output are device-independent; they can be redirected to or from any appropriate deviceS2APldddA @ 324929241A8 '3TvPipes, Filters, and Job ControlS2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A83 TFLinux permits users to establish pipes and filters on the command lineS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TBA pipe sends the output of one program to another program as inputS2APldddA @ 3249292413TGA filter processes the output of a program and alters it in some mannerS2APldddA @ 3249292413Tt)Filters are frequently used between pipesS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TpA combination of pipes and filters is called a pipeline and is used to join utilities to perform a specific taskS2APldddA @ 324929241A8 /73TV Job controlS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413Tn!Jobs can be run in the backgroundS2APldddA @ 3249292413TBJobs can be run in the foreground and displayed on the workstationS2APldddA @ 3249292413TRIt is possible to switch back and forth between the background and foreground jobsS2APldddA @ 3249292413TgLinux Mail and EditorsS<APddd6A A @ 3249292413 TMMailS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 T4Mail utilities permit you to send mail and read mailS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TlFeatures include the ability toS2APldddA @ 3249292413T`Reply to messagesS2APdddA @ 3249292413To Keep a copy of received messagesS2APdddA @ 3249292413TACreate aliases to make it easier to send mail to groups of peopleS2APdddA @ 3249292413T8Use an editor to edit electronic mail while composing itS2APdddA @ 3249292413ThView a summary of messageS2APdddA @ 3249292413TPEditorsS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 Tjed is the oldest UNIX editor. ed has some advanced features but only allows you modify one line at a timeS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A8 Courier NewA8! Courier New3TThe vi (visual) editor was originally developed at Berkeley and became an official part of AT&T UNIX with the introduction of System V; it displays a screenful of text at a timeS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A8 Courier New3Temacs is a powerful editor, with many enhanced capabilities, including the ability to read e-mail, newsgroups, run either from a console or under X-Windows and much moreS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A8 Courier New3TWOther editors that may be installed with some versions of Linux are jed, jot, pico, ...S2APQdddlA @ 3249292413Tr!Scheduling Jobs and Viewing FilesS<APddd6A A @ 3249292413 T\Batch job executionS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 T=at utility lets users schedule a job to run at a certain timeS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A8 Courier New3TJcron utility functions as a timer and starts processes at designated timesS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A8 Courier New3TJProcessing can be scheduled 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 52 weeks a yearS2APldddA @ 3249292413TWFile scrollingS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 Tx-Files can be displayed on screenful at a timeS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413T] more is useful for displaying screen of text one page at a time, but can only scroll forwardSGAPQdddlATimesA @ 324929241A8Courier3TW less is even more powerful since it includes the ability to scroll forward or backwardS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A8WTimesA8Courier3T`Shell FunctionsS<APddd6A A @ 3249292413 Tx/You can use the shell as a programming languageS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 Tn#The shell does not compile programsS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413THThe shell interprets programs each time they are loaded in from the diskS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413T[The Bourne and Korn shells permit writing of shell functions that the shell holds in memoryS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TdThe C shell includes a feature called an alias that is similar to the Bourne and Korn shell functionS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A8 ).A8 \d3TTThe Bourne-Again shell (bash) lets you step through the history using the arrow keysS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TbSKAPQdddQAd A A @ 3249292413 "T)Getting Started (Logging Into the System)S<APdddA A @ 324929241A8)d 3T_ ObjectivesS2APddd6A @ 324929241A8 3 T8Log in and out of a graphical workstation and a terminalS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TkChange your passwordS2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A8  3 TaUse and change keyboard control keys (using stty) to correct typing mistakes when typing commandsS2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A8,0 Courier New3 T0Perform basic editing skills using the vi editorS2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A8') Courier New3 Tu Starting viS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A8  Courier New3TUsing command and input modesS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A8  A8 3TaMoving the text cursorS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TgEntering and correcting textS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TYDeleting linesS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413T&Writing the file to disk and ending viS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A8$& Courier New3TT View a fileS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TU Print a fileS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TV Delete a fileS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 T`Entering basic commandsS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 Tn#Determine which shell you are usingS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TaView the date and timeS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TjLocate information about a fileS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413Tw,Find your logical location in the filesystemS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TvReturn to your home directoryS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A8 3T?Identify who is on the system, and discover what they are doingS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TaLocate Linux utilitiesS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TBUse the online reference man pages to get help with Linux commandsS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A8 "3TlQuestions about LinuxS2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A83  ThHow do I log into the system?S2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 T|1How do I ensure my files are safe from tampering?S2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 Tl!How do I correct typing mistakes?S2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 Tm"How can I create and delete files?S2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 TaHow can I print files?S2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 TdHow do I set my password?S2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 TgHow do I change my password?S2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 T|1What are some basic commands I can use right now?S2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 Tp%How do I find commands on the system?S2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 Ty.How can I get online help about the utilities?S2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 T5How do I know what a command does and when to use it?S2APQdddlA @ 324929241A8 A8 &*3 TaWhat shell am I using?S2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 T\TermsS2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A83  TT TerminalsS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 TfKeyboard - Used for inputS2APldddA @ 3249292413 Tt'CRT or monitor screen - Used for outputS2APldddA @ 3249292413 Tv)Dumb Terminal - No local processing powerS2APldddA @ 3249292413 T}0Smart Terminal - Has local processing power (PC)S2APldddA @ 3249292413 TPRolesS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 T~1System Administrator - Manager of computer systemS2APldddA @ 3249292413 Tu(User - Normal worker who uses the systemS2APldddA @ 3249292413 TqLogging Into the WorkstationS2APddd6A @ 324929241A83 T_Logging in identifies you to Linux. This determines your rights and permissions on the system.S2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TFLinux uses either a text based or a graphical, icon-based login screenS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TZGraphical LoginS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413T3To login, type in your login name and press S2APldddA @ 324929241A8,33T6When prompted, type in your password and press S2APldddA @ 324929241A8/63TlLogging into a TerminalS<APQdddlA A @ 3249292413TSThe login prompt can be changed by the system administrator. It is usually: login:S2APldddA @ 324929241A8MS3TType your login name in lowercase letters. If you type your name in uppercase letters, the system assumes that you are using a terminal that uses only uppercase letters.S2APldddA @ 3249292413T<Your login name is pre-assigned by your system administratorS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TBYour home directory is a subdirectory of the /usr/people directoryS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A8-8 Courier New3ThSome basic commandsS2APddd6A @ 324929241A83 ThdateSMAP6dddQA Courier NewA @ 3249292413 TgwhoSMAP6dddQA Courier NewA @ 3249292413 Tm date; whoSMAP6dddQA Courier NewA @ 3249292413 TjameliaSMAP6dddQA Courier NewA @ 3249292413 Ts jimmy_hoffaS2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A8  Courier New3 TgHandling PasswordsS2APddd6A @ 324929241A83 TeHow do I change my password?S2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 T-Use the passwd utility from a command prompt.S2APQdddlA @ 324929241A8-Times3T Are there any rules to follow?SQAP6dddQATimesA A @ 3249292413 TWIf your password input is not what the system expects, you will be prompted for anotherS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A8Times3TzWhen changing your password, the system expects at least six characters. Only the first eight characters are significant.S2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TEach password must contain at least two alphabetic characters and at least one numeric or special character. The new password must differ by at least three positionsS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TvAvoid using charactersS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A8 3ToDo not use your name (or any circular shift of that name) or other familiar words other people can easily guessS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TfWhen do I change my password?S2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TiRecommendation: every 2 monthsS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413Tm$Why do I want to change my password?S2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TZData protectionS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413T`Password aging schemeS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413ToCorrecting Keyboard ErrorsS2APddd6A @ 324929241A83 TfThe keyS2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A8 3 To$Signifies the end of a line of inputS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TJMust be pressed before the system interprets the characters you have typedS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TjAny typing mistakes may be corrected by using special control characters before the key is pressedS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A8 IOA8T[3TeThe keyS2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A8 3 TYHandles invisible characters that control some aspect of input and output on the terminalS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413T5Press the key and another key at the same timeS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A8 3TtCommon Control CharactersS2APldddA @ 324929241A83T, C Used to stop or interrupt a utilityS2APdddA @ 324929241A83Tv D Terminates inputS2APdddA @ 324929241A83Tx Z Suspends a utilityS2APdddA @ 324929241A83T@ H Usually the erase character (same as the backspace key)S2APdddA @ 324929241A83Tz W Erases the last wordS2APdddA @ 324929241A83T( U Usually the line kill characterS2APdddA @ 324929241A83Tr S Stops outputS2APdddA @ 324929241A83Ts Q Starts outputS2APdddA @ 324929241A83T(Using stty to Change Control Key MeaningS2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A8(A8  Courier New3 T1The /bin/stty command sets options for a terminalS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A8  Courier New3TfKill and erase charactersS2APldddA @ 3249292413TV Baud rateS2APldddA @ 3249292413TSParityS2APldddA @ 3249292413TY Flow controlS2APldddA @ 3249292413T#stty options differ between systemsS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A8 Courier New3Tstty -a reports all settingsS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A8 Courier New3T stty ExampleS<APQdddlA A @ 324929241A8 Courier New3Twolf:~$ stty -aS\APldddA Courier NewAd A @ 324929241A83T/speed 9600 baud; rows 24; columns 80; line = 0;S\APldddA Courier NewAd A @ 3249292413TEintr = ^C; quit = ^\; erase = ^?; kill = ^U; eof = ^D; eol = ;S\APldddA Courier NewAd A @ 3249292413TJeol2 = ; start = ^Q; stop = ^S; susp = ^Z; rprnt = ^R; werase = ^W;S\APldddA Courier NewAd A @ 3249292413T*lnext = ^V; flush = ^O; min = 1; time = 0;S\APldddA Courier NewAd A @ 3249292413T9-parenb -parodd cs8 -hupcl -cstopb cread -clocal -crtsctsS\APldddA Courier NewAd A @ 3249292413TN-ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr icrnl ixon -ixoffS\APldddA Courier NewAd A @ 3249292413T-iuclc -ixany -imaxbelS\APldddA Courier NewAd A @ 3249292413TOopost -olcuc -ocrnl onlcr -onocr -onlret -ofill -ofdel nl0 cr0 tab0 bs0 vt0 ff0S\APldddA Courier NewAd A @ 3249292413 TKisig icanon iexten echo echoe echok -echonl -noflsh -xcase -tostop -echoprtS\APldddA Courier NewAd A @ 3249292413 Techoctl echokeS\APldddA Courier NewAd A @ 3249292413 Twolf:~$ stty erase ^aSfAPldddA Courier NewAd A A @ 3249292413 Twolf:~$ stty -aS\APldddA Courier NewAd A @ 324929241A83 T/speed 9600 baud; rows 24; columns 80; line = 0;S\APldddA Courier NewAd A @ 3249292413TEintr = ^C; quit = ^\; erase = ^A; kill = ^U; eof = ^D; eol = ;S\APldddA Courier NewAd A @ 3249292413TJeol2 = ; start = ^Q; stop = ^S; susp = ^Z; rprnt = ^R; werase = ^W;S\APldddA Courier NewAd A @ 3249292413T*lnext = ^V; flush = ^O; min = 1; time = 0;S\APldddA Courier NewAd A @ 3249292413T9-parenb -parodd cs8 -hupcl -cstopb cread -clocal -crtsctsS\APldddA Courier NewAd A @ 3249292413TN-ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr icrnl ixon -ixoffS\APldddA Courier NewAd A @ 3249292413T-iuclc -ixany -imaxbelS\APldddA Courier NewAd A @ 3249292413TOopost -olcuc -ocrnl onlcr -onocr -onlret -ofill -ofdel nl0 cr0 tab0 bs0 vt0 ff0S\APldddA Courier NewAd A @ 3249292413TKisig icanon iexten echo echoe echok -echonl -noflsh -xcase -tostop -echoprtS\APldddA Courier NewAd A @ 3249292413Techoctl echokeS2APldddA @ 324929241A8d A8 Courier New3T` Logging outS2APddd6A @ 324929241A8 3 ThexitSMAP6dddQA Courier NewA @ 3249292413 TjlogoutSMAP6dddQA Courier NewA @ 3249292413 T|Ctrl+D (on some systems)SMAP6dddQA Courier NewA @ 3249292413 T^SKAPdddAd A A @ 3249292413 TqSimple CommandsS<APdddA A @ 324929241A8d 3T^ The ShellS2APddd6A @ 324929241A8 3 TThe shell is the program that interprets what you type in on the keyboard and uses that information to run external programs and carry out instructionsS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TGThe shell protects you from having to interact with the kernel directlyS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TXCommon shells -S2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TW Bourne shellS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TRC shellS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TRT shellS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413T_ The KernelS2APddd6A @ 324929241A8 3 TxThe kernel is the piece of software that controls access to the computer's hardware: memory, disk drives, printers, etc.S2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TFThe Linux kernel is very portable because it was written in C languageS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 Tw.The Linux kernel is mutlitasking and multiuserS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TfCommand ArgumentsS2APddd6A @ 324929241A83 TKThe additional, often optional information passed to a program by the shellS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 ThAlso called options or switchesS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TPEach command has a syntax, or set of rules, for the options that you can provideS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TU For example:S2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 Tnwho am ISMAPQdddlA Courier NewA @ 3249292413Tlwho -sSMAPQdddlA Courier NewA @ 3249292413TmcalS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A8 Courier New3Tcal [[month] year]S2APQdddlA @ 324929241A8 Courier NewA8 3T^ PipelinesS2APddd6A @ 324929241A8 3 Ty0The | (vertical bar) indicates a pipeline symbolS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TFThis takes the output from one program and sends it to another programS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TU For example:S2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 Tucal 1996 | moreSMAPQdddlA Courier NewA @ 3249292413TSfAPldddlA Courier NewAd A A @ 3249292413#TThe Linux File SystemS<APdddA A @ 324929241A8d A8 Courier New3T` DirectoriesS2APddd6A @ 324929241A8 3 T?Directories are special folder designed to hold groups of filesS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 Ty0Each file within a folder must be uniquely namedS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TZFilesS2APddd6A @ 324929241A83 Ty0Files can be of two basic types: text and binaryS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 Tn#Text files hold letters, lists, etcS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413T9Binary files hold spreadsheets, databases, programs, etc.S2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TiThe Name of the FileS2APddd6A @ 324929241A83 T~5Files cannot have spaces, or other special charactersS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 T|3Periods, underscores and dashes improve readabilityS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TFiles names are normally limited to 14 characters in UNIX, but some versions allow files names to be up to 64 or even 80 characters longS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TLThe part of the file name after the last period is called the file extensionS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 Tt+In UNIX file extension can be of any lengthS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TSDo not use a period as the first character in a file name, except for special casesS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 Tx/Remember files names are case-sensitive in UNIXS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TjTrees and HierarchiesS2APddd6A @ 324929241A83 TALinux uses the slash (/) to separate a directory from a file nameS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TWDirectories can hold sub-directories and sub-directories can hold other sub-directoriesS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TdThis is called hierarchicalS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 T@Paths - The term for the hierarchical branches leading to a fileS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TfFiles and i-nodesS2APddd6A @ 324929241A83 T9Linux uses internal number to locate files called i-nodesS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 Tt)Sequence Linux uses to find a file name -S2APQdddlA @ 3249292413Tu(1. Use path to get to the relevant tableS2APldddA @ 3249292413Tk2. Find the name in that tableS2APldddA @ 3249292413Tn!3. Note the corresponding i-nodeS2APldddA @ 3249292413T}04. Use the i-node to locate the file on the diskS2APldddA @ 3249292413TP5. Manipulate the date in the file (read, write, etc) according to your commandS2APldddA @ 3249292413T_ Flat FilesS2APddd6A @ 324929241A8 3 T;In Linux all files consist of a simple stream of charactersS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TFThere are no pre-defined headers or formats defined by Linux for filesS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 T;Applications define the way data is structured within filesS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TZLinksS2APddd6A @ 324929241A83 TFIn Linux it is possible for two or more files to share the same i-nodeS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 T~5This is called a link (more specifically a hard link)S2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TDThis feature allows us to create aliases to shortcut long path namesS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TgrootS2APddd6A @ 324929241A8A8 3 T2The topmost directory is called the root directoryS2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A8 $(3 Tu,It is represented by the slash (/) characterS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 T7The root directory has no parents, only sub-directoriesS2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A8  3 ThAbsolute Path NamesS2APddd6A @ 324929241A83  TgA complete path name to a fileS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413  T7Must start with the (/) to represent the root directoryS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413  Ta Home is bestS2APddd6A @ 324929241A8 3  TLWhen you login to Linux your working directory is set to your home directoryS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413  TJOften this is under the /usr or /home area, but varies from Linux to LinuxS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413  T>You can see your working directory by entering the pwd commandS2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A837 Courier New3  T,You change your working using the cd commandS2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A8"$ Courier New3  TAYou can change by to your home directory by entering cd by itselfS2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A857 Courier New3  TWhen working with files in your working directory, you do not need to use absolute path names, since Linux will supply the current working directory for youS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413  T]PracticeS2APddd6A @ 324929241A83  TgpwdSMAP6dddQA Courier NewA @ 3249292413  Tn mkdir testSMAP6dddQA Courier NewA @ 3249292413  Tkcd testSMAP6dddQA Courier NewA @ 3249292413  TgpwdSMAP6dddQA Courier NewA @ 3249292413  Ticd ..SMAP6dddQA Courier NewA @ 3249292413  TgpwdSMAP6dddQA Courier NewA @ 3249292413  Tr rmdir testS2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A8  Courier New3  TGS2AP6ddd6A @ 3249292413 ! TuCreating Your Own FilesSKAPdddAd A A @ 3249292413TlStandard Input and OutputS<AP6dddQA A @ 3249292413 TiRedirecting OutputS2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A83 TThe ls and cat commandsS<AP6dddQA A @ 324929241A8 Courier NewA8  Courier New3 TpUsing cat to create filesS2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A83 TCounting word with wcS<AP6dddQA A @ 324929241A8 Courier New3 TdRedirecting InputS<AP6dddQA A @ 3249292413 Tz#Comparing Redirection and PipelinesS2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A8#3 TErasing Files with rmS2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A8A8 Courier New3 Tkrm -iSMAPQdddlA Courier NewA @ 3249292413Torm -rS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A8 Courier New3T,Indirection with Input, Output and PipelinesS<AP6dddQA A @ 3249292413  TqAppending Output to Your FilesS<AP6dddQA A @ 3249292413  TbStandard ErrorsS<AP6dddQA A @ 3249292413  T^SKAPdddAd A A @ 3249292413 TqElectronic MailS<APdddA A @ 324929241A8d 3TrYou haven't written me latelyS2APddd6A @ 324929241A83 Tn mesg [y|n]SMAP6dddQA Courier NewA @ 3249292413 Tjwho -uSMAP6dddQA Courier NewA @ 3249292413 T{write [user] [term]S2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A8 Courier New3 Tz1Use 'o' and 'oo' to mark end of line/transmissionS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 Ta Off the WallS2APddd6A @ 324929241A8 3 TlwallS2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A8 Courier New3 T@Used by administrators to send messages to all users (write all)S2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A867A8<?3 TjThe Mailperson comethS2APddd6A @ 324929241A83 TXRead Your Mail!S2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TnMailS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A8 Courier New3TU? - helpS2APldddA @ 3249292413Tkex, exit, x - Exit immediatelyS2APldddA @ 3249292413Tx+quit, q - Exit normally (move mail to mbox)S2APldddA @ 3249292413T]Printing your mailS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413Ts&lpr, l - print message to line printerS2APldddA @ 3249292413TZMessage HeadersS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413Tl> indicates the current messageS2APldddA @ 3249292413TCN means new message, U means unread message, O means old message, ?S2APldddA @ 3249292413TSSenderS2APldddA @ 3249292413T[Date/time sentS2APldddA @ 3249292413TiSize in lines and charactersS2APldddA @ 3249292413TTSubjectS2APldddA @ 3249292413TjMessage SelectionS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A83T>p [#], d [#] - displays the selected message, so does just [#]S2APldddA @ 3249292413Tu([#-#] - operates on a series of messagesS2APldddA @ 3249292413Ts&p ^ - Displays first undeleted messageS2APldddA @ 3249292413Thp $ - Displays last messageS2APldddA @ 3249292413Thp * - Displays all messagesS2APldddA @ 3249292413T9p / string - Displays all messages with string in subjectS2APldddA @ 324929241A8  A8 (.3Tm p :n - Displays all new messagesS2APldddA @ 3249292413Tn!p :r - Displays all read messagesS2APldddA @ 3249292413Tm p :o - Displays all old messagesS2APldddA @ 3249292413 Tp#p :u - Displays all unread messagesS2APldddA @ 3249292413 Tq$p :d - Displays all deleted messagesS2APldddA @ 3249292413 Tz-top * - Display first 5 lines of each messageS2APldddA @ 3249292413 T7top 1-3 - Display first 5 lines of messages 1, 2, and 3S2APldddA @ 3249292413 T7top mary - Displays first 5 lines of messages from maryS2APldddA @ 3249292413Tp#= - Displays current message numberS2APldddA @ 3249292413Tn!h - Display one screen of headersS2      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~APldddA @ 3249292413T{.h [#] - Displays headers for selected messagesS2APldddA @ 3249292413Tp#h+ - Display next screen of headersS2APldddA @ 3249292413Tt'h- - Display previous screen of headersS2APldddA @ 3249292413Tn!ignore or ig - Skips over headersS2APldddA @ 3249292413TuSaving and Deleting MessagesS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A83Tlsave, s - Save messages to mboxS2APldddA @ 3249292413T|/save [filename] - Save message to new file nameS2APldddA @ 3249292413T9save [#-#] [filename] - Save selected message to new fileS2APldddA @ 3249292413TBwrite - same as save, except does not include headers in save fileS2APldddA @ 3249292413T6Save, S - Save messages to file named after the senderS2APldddA @ 3249292413TBcopy, c, Copy, C - Same as save/Save, but does not delete messagesS2APldddA @ 3249292413Tq$delete - deletes the current messageS2APldddA @ 3249292413Tr%d [#-#] - deletes a range of messagesS2APldddA @ 3249292413TBu or undelete - undeletes a deleted message (before quitting mail)S2APldddA @ 3249292413 Ty Reading Mail from Another SourceS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A8 3Tmail -f mail_filenameS2APldddA @ 324929241A8 Courier New3T7Most often used to load your mbox into mail for readingS2APdddA @ 3249292413T9Can also by used for reading messages saved using S or C.S2APdddA @ 3249292413Te Sending MailS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A8 3T'mail [user] - Invokes mail in send modeS2APldddA @ 324929241A8  Courier New3TdUse Ctrl-D to end inputS2APldddA @ 3249292413T:mail [user1] [user2] [user3] - send mail to several peopleS2APldddA @ 324929241A8 Courier New3T@Inside mail you can use mail or m [user] to respond to a messageS2APldddA @ 324929241A8 Courier NewA8 ( Courier New3T>You can also use M or Mail to send and save to the user's fileS2APldddA @ 324929241A8 Courier NewA8 Courier New3TDRedirection is allowed from the command line like mail joe < joe.txtS2APldddA @ 324929241A82D Courier New3TAmail -sHello joe < joe.txt adds the Subject: Hello to the messageS2APldddA @ 324929241A8 Courier New3TgTilde CommandsS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A83T3You can enter editing mode using ~v, to bring up viS2APldddA @ 3249292413T2Withing editing mode you can enter special escapesS2APldddA @ 3249292413Tu&~c [user] - Adds user as a Carbon CopyS2APdddA @ 3249292413T{,~b [user] - Adds user as a Blind Carbon CopyS2APdddA @ 3249292413Tw(~![cmd] - Runs an external shell commandS2APdddA @ 3249292413Tw"Page 81 - Summary of mail commandsS<APQdddlA A @ 3249292413 TlOther mail programsS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A83 TOmailx - similar to mail, but uses tilde (~) escape extensively. ~? gives helpS2APldddA @ 3249292413 Tq$elm - A screen oriented mail packageS2APldddA @ 3249292413 Tx+pine - Another screen oriented mail packageS2APldddA @ 3249292413 T?emacs - A text editor with mail capabilities built-in via rmailS2APldddA @ 3249292413 T^SKAPdddAd A A @ 3249292413 T}Your Own Personalized LinuxS<APdddA A @ 324929241A8d 3 TgChanging Your PasswordS<APddd6A A @ 3249292413  TeThe passwd CommandS<AP6dddQA A @ 3249292413  TiGood and Bad PasswordsS<AP6dddQA A @ 3249292413  TgThe /etc/passwd FileS<AP6dddQA A @ 3249292413  ToUsing the file commandS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A83 Tr%file /etc /usr/bin/passwd /etc/passwdS2APldddA @ 3249292413 Tk/etc/passwd formatS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A83 TaField 1 - login nameS2APldddA @ 3249292413 TiField 2 - encrypted passwordS2APldddA @ 3249292413 TZ Field 3 - uidS2APldddA @ 3249292413 T_Field 4 - group idS2APldddA @ 3249292413 TdField 5 - miscellaneousS2APldddA @ 3249292413 TkField 6 - login dir (home dir)S2APldddA @ 3249292413 TdField 7 - default shellS2APldddA @ 3249292413 TfThe crypt commandS2APddd6A @ 324929241A83  TQExample:S2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413  To$crypt encrypted_fileS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 TU Enter key:S2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 Tw,The key you enter is used to encode the fileS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 ThReversal uses the same syntaxS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 TdChoosing Your ShellS<APddd6A A @ 3249292413  TfThe Path to SuccessS<AP6dddQA A @ 3249292413  TnThe Names of the ShellsS2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A83  Ta/bin/sh - Bourne shellS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 T]/bin/csh - C shellS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 T`/bin/ksh - Korn shellS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 Tf/bin/rsh - Restricted shellS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 TeLogin ProfilesS2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A83  Tl!~/.profile - Bourne shell profileS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 Te~/.cshrc - C shell profileS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 TmYour Own Login ProfileS2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A83  Tl!Shell Variables - An IntroductionS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 T~3Table 6.2 - Page 98 Built-in Bourne Shell VariablesS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 TgPS1 - Primary prompt messageS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 TiPS2 - Secondary prompt messageS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 TSExample:S2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 Tc$ echo 'Workers of theS2APldddA @ 3249292413 T\> World Unite!'S2APldddA @ 3249292413 TN$S2APldddA @ 3249292413 T_$ is PS1, > is PS2S2APldddA @ 3249292413 TsViewing Your .profile fileS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A83 Tzcat ~/.profileS2APldddA @ 324929241A8 Courier New3 TUExample:S2APldddA @ 3249292413 TmPATH=:/bin:/usr/bin:$HOME/bin:S2APdddA @ 3249292413 TmMAIL=/usr/spool/mail/`logname`S2APdddA @ 3249292413 T_export PATH MAILS2APdddA @ 3249292413 TX umask 077S2APdddA @ 3249292413 TMThe export line forces the environment variables to be remembered permanentlyS2APldddA @ 324929241A8  3 TSThe first : in the path indicates your current directory and could be written as .:S2APldddA @ 3249292413 TaThe MAIL variable can be used later by prefixing an '$' before it: $MAIL. Example: mail -f $MAILS2APldddA @ 3249292413 T[More examples:S2APldddA @ 3249292413 TZ $ echo PATHS2APdddA @ 3249292413 TSPATHS2APdddA @ 3249292413 T[ $ echo $PATHS2APdddA @ 3249292413 Tm:/bin:/usr/bin:/home/randy/binS2APdddA @ 3249292413 T]$ echo '$'PATHS2APdddA @ 3249292413 TT$PATHS2APdddA @ 3249292413 TX $echo PS1S2APdddA @ 3249292413 TRPS1S2APdddA @ 3249292413 TZ $ echo $PS1S2APdddA @ 3249292413  TV\h:\w\$S2APdddA @ 3249292413  TiGNU Bourne-Again Shell FilesS2APldddA @ 3249292413 Tn/bin/bash - The executable fileS2APdddA @ 3249292413 T~//etc/profile - Overall system-wide bash profileS2APdddA @ 3249292413 T6~/.bash_profile, or ~/.profile - User specific profileS2APdddA @ 3249292413 Tw(~/.bashrc - User specific startup scriptS2APdddA @ 3249292413 T:~/.inputrc - Sets key binding for keyboard input functionsS2APdddA @ 3249292413 T{,~/.bash_history - History of commands issuedS2APdddA @ 3249292413 T^SKAPdddAd A A @ 3249292413 TvYour Own File SystemS<APdddA A @ 324929241A8d 3 T^ Home RuleS2APddd6A @ 324929241A8 3  T;You normally have complete control over your home directoryS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413  T:You can create, move, copy or delete files and directoriesS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413  Tz1You do not have access to other users directoriesS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413  TJRemember the root (superuser) account has full permissions for everything!S2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413  T` PermissionsS2APddd6A @ 324929241A8 3  T=In Linux, there are a total of 18 different permission levelsS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413  TiFile and directory permissionsS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 Tn#Read, write and execute permissionsS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 Tn#Owner, group and public permissionsS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 TR The OwnerS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413  TSEvery file and directory has an owner assigned to it, normally the original creatorS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 TThe owner can assign access modes (read, write, and execute) to three different types of users: the owner, members of a group, and othersS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 TYFile PermissionsS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413  T:Read (r) - Allows you to view a file using cat, more, etc?S2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 TJWrite (w) - Allows you to change a file using an editor, redirection, etc?S2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 TNExecute (x) - Allows you to run the file as a program (binary or shell script)S2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 T^Directory PermissionsS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413  T@Read (r) - Allows you to list the contents of the directory (ls)S2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 T6Write (w) - Allows you to create files/sub-directoriesS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 TExecute (x) - Allows you to search the directory. Without this permission, you cannot access any files in the directory, since you cannot read in the directory table to get to the i-node.S2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 T}(Permissions for Owner, Group, and OthersS2APddd6A @ 324929241A8(3  TpOwner - Permissions assigned to the current owner of the file or directory. Changeable using the chown command.S2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A8 bg3  TGroup - Permissions assigned to a group of users (controlled by the System Administrator). hangeable using the chown or chgrp commands.S2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A8 otA8 x}3  T?Public - Permissions assigned to all legal users on the system.S2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 TNOTE: If a user has write permission to a directory, they can delete files, even if they do not have write permission on the file itself!S<APldddA A @ 324929241A8 3 TlListing PermissionsS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A83 TdUse ls -l to list filesS2APldddA @ 3249292413 Tp#Use ls -ld to list directories onlyS2APldddA @ 3249292413 TsLeftmost column is - for ordinary files, d for directories, b for block I/O devices, or c for character I/O devicesS2APdddA @ 324929241A8A8)*A8<=A8XY3 TLThe next three characters are permissions assigned to the owner of the file.S2APdddA @ 3249292413 T@The next three characters are permissions assigned to the group.S2APdddA @ 3249292413 T?The last three characters are permissions assigned to everyone.S2APdddA @ 3249292413 Th Long ListingsS2APldddA @ 324929241A8 3 Ty*Field 1 - Permissions assigned to the fileS2APdddA @ 3249292413 T~/Field 2 - Number of links to the file/directoryS2APdddA @ 3249292413 TjField 3 - Owner of the fileS2APdddA @ 3249292413 Ts$Field 4 - Group this file belongs toS2APdddA @ 3249292413 Tw(Field 5 - Characters (bytes) in the fileS2APdddA @ 3249292413 Tp!Field 6 - Last modified date/timeS2APdddA @ 3249292413 Ts$Field 7 - The file or directory nameS2APdddA @ 3249292413 TlDefault PermissionsS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A83 T8drwx------ is the default for new directories you createS2APldddA @ 3249292413 T3-rw-------- is the default for new files you createS2APldddA @ 3249292413 To"Check them using the ls -l commandS2APldddA @ 3249292413 TqChanging Owners and GroupsS2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A83  T:Only the owner and root (superuser) can change permissionsS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 Tt)Use chown to change the owner of the fileS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 Tz/Use chgrp to change the group a file belongs toS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 TkChanging PermissionsS2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A83  T`Use the chmod commandS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 TZAbsolute MethodS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 T2Uses octal numbers to directly set all permissionsS2APldddA @ 3249292413 T5r - 4, w - 2, x - 1 (Add numbers to form permissions)S2APldddA @ 3249292413 TUExample:S2APldddA @ 3249292413 T{chmod 755 my.fileSMAPdddA Courier NewA @ 3249292413 Tchmod 600 secret.txtS2APdddA @ 324929241A8 Courier New3 TZRelative MethodS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 T*chmod [who] [+|-|=] [permissions] filenameS2APldddA @ 324929241A8 *3 T]Where who is a for all users (default), g is group, o for others (public), u for user (owner)S2APldddA @ 324929241A8  3 TF+ adds permissions, - takes away permission, and = sets the permissionS2APldddA @ 3249292413 Txpermissions can be r, w, or xS2APldddA @ 324929241A8  3 TV Examples:S2APldddA @ 3249292413 T}chmod u+x my.scriptSMAPdddA Courier NewA @ 3249292413 Tchmod o+x,ug-r my.fileSMAPdddA Courier NewA @ 3249292413 Tchmod +x program1S2APdddA @ 324929241A8 Courier New3 TOS2APdddA @ 3249292413% ThLight Editing with EdS2APdddA @ 324929241A83 TES2APdddA @ 3249292413 TiProcesses and MultitaskingS<APdddA A @ 3249292413 TaLinux images and processesS2APddd6A @ 3249292413  Tm$The image is the binary file on diskS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413  Tw.The process is the copy of the image in memoryS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413  TeBackground processes using &S2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413  TEYou can start a process by appending & to the end of the command lineS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 T<Useful for running very long jobs that don't need user inputS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 TZKilling processesS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413  Tfkill [signo] pid [pid2] [?]S2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 T&Use nohup to prevent killing a processS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A8  3 ThChecking your processes with psS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413  T^ps - process statusS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 Te-l option - long listingS2APldddA @ 3249292413 Te-f option - full listingS2APldddA @ 3249292413 Tb-a option - all usersS2APldddA @ 3249292413 TX Status BitsS2APldddA @ 3249292413 Tb01 - process in RAMS2APdddA @ 3249292413 Tk02 System (internal) processS2APdddA @ 3249292413 Tg04 Process locked in RAMS2APdddA @ 3249292413 Te10 Process swapped outS2APdddA @ 3249292413 T;20 Process is being traced (waited upon) by another processS2APdddA @ 3249292413 TX State FieldS2APldddA @ 3249292413 T^O - NonexistentS2APdddA @ 3249292413 T[ S - SleepingS2APdddA @ 3249292413 TZ R - RunningS2APdddA @ 3249292413 T_I - IntermediateS2APdddA @ 3249292413 T]Z - TerminatedS2APdddA @ 3249292413 TZ T - StoppedS2APdddA @ 3249292413 TZ B - WaitingS2APdddA @ 3249292413 T\Have a nice programS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413  TuThe nice command is used to change the scheduling priority of a process so it does not use all of the system CPU timeS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 Tenice [-inc] command [args]S2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 T;Still must append the & if background operations is desiredS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 T{0Default priority is 20 and the default inc is 10S2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 T[Mulitcommand linesS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413  Tz/wc chapter* ; who is not a background operationS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 TFwc chapter* ; who | wc only pipes the results of the who command to wcS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 T}2(wc chapter* ; who ) | wc pipes both outputs to wcS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 TMwho | tee save.it | wc causes output to go to both save.it and be piped to wcS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 TZThe sleep commandS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413  Tk Used to add a pause to a commandS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 Tb(sleep 10; date) & dateS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 TBOne date will appear immediately, the other about 10 seconds laterS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 T[Scheduling processesS2APddd6A @ 3249292413  Tv-at is used to start a job at a specified timeS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413  TR Examples:S2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413  T]at 4:30am tomorrowS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 Tl!wc chapter* > chap.count +DS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 T_6A 04:30 Aug 16 1996S2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 T]The 6A is the job idS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413  Tuat -r job-id cancels an at jobS2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A8  3  Tqat time [date] [increment]S2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A8 3  T7Special time arguments now, noon, and midnight acceptedS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A8 A8  A8 &.3 T_Increment used like +2 days. Accepts minute(s), hour(s), day(s), week(s), month(s), or year(s)S2APQdddlA @ 324929241A8 &_3 Tm"at -l displays all pending at jobsS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413 TKThere is also the batch command that will run a job when the system is idleS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A8 3 TES2APdddA @ 3249292413 T[ Printing and SpoolingS2APdddA @ 3249292413 TES2APdddA @ 3249292413 TR The vi EditorS2APdddA @ 3249292413T'vi: Using Basic Skills to Create a FileS2APddd6A @ 324929241A8'A8 Courier New3 T8A file is a collection of data referred to by a filenameS2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A8 A8 083 TQFiles are typically memos, reports, program source code, lists of data, and so onS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TUAn editor is a utility program that permits you to create and modify ASCII text filesS2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A8  3 Tqvi is a screen-oriented editor and is based on ex, the root editor of a family of editors on the IRIS workstationS2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A8 Courier NewA8/1 Courier New3 Tw.This section introduces you to basic vi skillsS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 Tu Starting viS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A8  Courier New3TUsing command and input modesS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A8  A8 3TaMoving the text cursorS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TgEntering and correcting textS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TYDeleting linesS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413T&Writing the file to disk and ending viS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A8$& Courier New3T`vi: Starting the EditorS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TCEnter vi followed by a filename from the command line, for example:S2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TX vi practiceS2APldddA @ 3249292413TEThe command line disappears, and the terminal screen looks like this:S2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TKS2APldddlA @ 3249292413#Tf Advanced vi TechniquesS<APdddA A @ 3249292413TES2APdddA @ 3249292413 Td Exploiting the ShellS<APdddA A @ 3249292413TOS<APdddA A @ 3249292413 TgOther Linux commandsS2APdddA @ 324929241A83T$sort [-crfdiMbtx -o output] filenameS2APddd6A @ 324929241A8 A8 A8 $3 TBSort lines withing a file and outputs sorted information to screenS<AP6dddQA  A @ 3249292413 Tfc - check sort order onlyS2APldddA @ 3249292413T]r - reverse sortS2APldddA @ 3249292413Tlf - fold lowercase to uppercaseS2APldddA @ 3249292413T`d - dictionary sortS2APldddA @ 3249292413To"i - ignore nonprintable charactersS2APldddA @ 3249292413Tcn - numeric value sortS2APldddA @ 3249292413T`M - month name sortS2APldddA @ 3249292413T5b - leading blanks ignored (restricted sort key only)S2APldddA @ 3249292413T!tx - Use x as the field seperatorS2APldddA @ 324929241A8 A8  3 T?sort [+pos1[rfdinMbtx] -pos2[rfdinMbtx] ?] [-o output] filenameS2APddd6A @ 324929241A8  A8 A8 A8 %&A8 /5A8 7?3 TJSort lines in a file, where sorting uses columns to determine how to sort.S<AP6dddQA  A @ 3249292413 Tn!where pos1 is the starting columnS2APldddA @ 3249292413Tjand pos2 is the ending columnS2APldddA @ 3249292413T{if sort options used after pos1, it affects all following fieldsor if sort options used after pos2, only affects that fieldS2APldddA @ 3249292413T0uniq [-udc [+n] [-n]] [input_file [output_file]]S2APddd6A @ 324929241A8  A8 A8 !A8 #.3 Ty&Eliminates duplicate lines from a fileS<AP6dddQA  A @ 3249292413 Tp#-u - Output only nonduplicate linesS2APldddA @ 3249292413T8-d - Output one copy of duplicated lines, skip non-dupesS2APldddA @ 3249292413T9-c - Precede each line with the count of duplicates foundS2APldddA @ 3249292413T:+n - Ignore first n characters when testing for duplicatesS2APldddA @ 324929241A8 A8 3T6-n - Ignore first n fields when testing for duplicatesS2APldddA @ 324929241A8 A8 3Thead [-count] [file1 file2 ?]S2APddd6A @ 324929241A8  A8 3 T4Displays the first x lines of a file (10 is default)S2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A8 43 T%tail +|-[count] [lbc] [-f] [filename]S2APddd6A @ 324929241A8  A8 $3 T-Displays the end of a file (10 lines default)S2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A8 -3 Til - display last count linesS2APldddA @ 3249292413T|/b - display last count blocks (512 byte blocks)S2APldddA @ 3249292413Tn!c - display last count charactersS2APldddA @ 3249292413T2+ - displays starting count from beginning of fileS2APldddA @ 3249292413Ty,- - displays starting count from end of fileS2APldddA @ 3249292413T|/-f - follows the file forever (Ctrl-C to break)S2APldddA @ 3249292413T%split [-n] [filename [[-]split_name]]S2APddd6A @ 324929241A8  A8  A8 #3 T-Breaks a file into smaller files (for e-mail)S2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A8 -3 T4-n - lines of each file to split into (default 1000)S2APldddA @ 324929241A8 3Ttfilename - the input fileS2APldddA @ 324929241A8 3TEsplit_name - prefix to use for split files (xaa, xab, etc by default)S2APldddA @ 324929241A8  3T7NOTE: Use [-split_name] when reading stdin (i.e. Pipes)S2APdddA @ 324929241A83T}cut -clist [file1 file2 ?]S2APddd6A @ 324929241A8  A8  3 T(cut -flist [-dchar] [-s] [file1 file2 ?]S2APddd6A @ 324929241A8  A8 A8 '3 TCExtracts a series of fields from a file and sends results to stdoutS2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A8CA8 C3 TE-clist - comma separated list of ranges indicating the columns to cutS2APldddA @ 324929241A8 3T.-flist - comma separated list of fields to cutS2APldddA @ 324929241A8 3TF-dchar - character to use as delimiter for fields (whitespace default)S2APldddA @ 324929241A8 3TA-s - suppress lines that don't have proper format (i.e. Comments)S2APldddA @ 3249292413T1NOTE: No space between -clist or -flist or -dcharS2APdddA @ 324929241A8A8 A8 #'A8 -13T!paste [-s] [-dchar] file1 file2 ?S2APddd6A @ 324929241A8 A8 !3  TATakes separate lines from files and converts to columns in outputS2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A8 A3  T}0-s - subsequent output (output is one line long)S2APldddA @ 3249292413 T/-dchar - use char as delimiter (default is tab)S2APldddA @ 324929241A8 A8  3 T{find pathname expressionS2APddd6A @ 324929241A8  A8 3  T.Searches directory tree for matching filenamesS2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A8 .3  T)pathname - starting point to begin searchS2APldddA @ 324929241A8 3 T'expression - options used for searchingS2APldddA @ 324929241A8  3 T%-name name - search based on filenameS2APdddA @ 324929241A8  3 T&-size [+|-]n - find based on file sizeS2APdddA @ 324929241A8  3 Tn - exactly n blocksS2APdddA @ 324929241A8 A8  3 T+n - over n blocksS2APdddA @ 324929241A8 A8  3 T-n - less than n blocksS2APdddA @ 324929241A8 A8 3 Tj -atime [+|-]nS2APdddA @ 324929241A8  3 TwFile accessed n days agoS2APdddA @ 324929241A8 3 Tj -mtime [+|-]nS2APdddA @ 324929241A8  3 TwFile modified n days agoS2APdddA @ 324929241A8 3 Tj -ctime [+|-]nS2APdddA @ 324929241A8  3 TvFile changed n days agoS2APdddA @ 324929241A8  3 TU-printS2APdddA @ 3249292413 TjDisplay results on stdoutS2APdddA @ 3249292413 Td-type tS2APdddA @ 324929241A8 3 TzFind files of type f, whereS2APdddA @ 324929241A8 3 T^ d-directoryS2APdddA @ 3249292413 Taf-regular fileS2APdddA @ 3249292413 Teb-block I/O deviceS2APdddA @ 3249292413 Tic-character I/O deviceS2APdddA @ 3249292413 T_ p-named pipeS2APdddA @ 3249292413 Th -user unameS2APdddA @ 324929241A8  3 Tt#User name or ID of the file's ownerS2APdddA @ 3249292413 Ti -group gnameS2APdddA @ 324929241A8  3  TiGroup name or ID of fileS2APdddA @ 3249292413  T{,-o - OR expression together (default is AND)S2APdddA @ 3249292413  T-exec command [args] \;S2APdddA @ 324929241A8  A8 3  Ts"Executes the command for each fileS2APdddA @ 3249292413  TlMUST use \; as terminatorS2APdddA @ 3249292413  T,Special {} is used to get matching file nameS2APdddA @ 3249292413  T-ok command [args] \;S2APdddA @ 324929241A8  A8  3  T5Same as -exec, except confirm the action on each fileS2APdddA @ 3249292413  T"tr [-cds] [in_string] [out_string]S2APddd6A @ 324929241A8  A8 !3  TATranslates in_string characters to out_string characters for fileS2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A8  A8 #-3  T)-d - deletes characters in in_string onlyS2APldddA @ 324929241A8 $3 TH-c - complements (or inverts) in_string. (i.e. match all but in_string)S2APldddA @ 324929241A8 'A8 >G3 T@-s - squeezes all duplicate out_string character out of the fileS2APldddA @ 324929241A8 &3 T!translate [option] infile outfileS2APddd6A @ 324929241A8  A8 !3  Ts*Converts from one character set to anotherS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413  Tb-ea - EBCDIC to ASCIIS2APldddA @ 3249292413 Tb-ae - ASCII to EBCDICS2APldddA @ 3249292413 T$dd [option1=value] [option2=value] ?S2APddd6A @ 324929241A8  A8  A8 A8 !3  TgBoth copies and converts filesS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413  Tkif=(input file) - file to readS2APldddA @ 3249292413 Tm of=(output file) - file to writeS2APldddA @ 3249292413 T~1ibs=(block size) - Number of bytes in input blockS2APldddA @ 3249292413 T2obs=(block size) - Number of bytes in output blockS2APldddA @ 3249292413 T;bs=(in and out block size) - Number of bytes in both blocksS2APldddA @ 3249292413 TEskip=n - Number of input records to skip before converting or copyingS2APldddA @ 324929241A8 3 Tf conv=optionS2APldddA @ 324929241A8  3 Tzascii convert EBCDIC to ASCIIS2APdddA @ 324929241A8 3 T{ebcdic convert ASCII to EBCDICS2APdddA @ 324929241A8 3 Txlcase convert to lower caseS2APdddA @ 324929241A8 3 Txucase convert to upper caseS2APdddA @ 324929241A8 3 Tqswab swap byte pairsS2APdddA @ 324929241A8 3 TYS<APdddA A @ 3249292413% TkGrepping, sedding and awkingS<APdddA A @ 3249292413TdThe grep familyS2APddd6A @ 324929241A83 T5grep [options] [-e] 'pattern' [filenames] [>out_file]S2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A8  A8 (A8 ,43 TjGlobal Regular Expression PrintS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413Tz/Normally the pattern should be in single quotesS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TROptionsS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413Tn!-w - option specifies word searchS2APldddA @ 3249292413Tq$-i (or -y) - case-insensitive searchS2APldddA @ 3249292413Th-n - number the lines foundS2APldddA @ 3249292413T}0-h - suppress filename were expression was foundS2APldddA @ 3249292413Tk-c - count matching lines onlyS2APldddA @ 3249292413Ts&-v - reverse search (find non-matches)S2APldddA @ 3249292413Tx+-b - display block number where match foundS2APldddA @ 3249292413Tt'-l - displays filenames only (no lines)S2APldddA @ 3249292413To"-e - escape a '-string' expressionS2APldddA @ 3249292413 Ti-s - suppress error messagesS2APldddA @ 3249292413 T^Regular ExpressionsS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413T3. - matches a single character, unless inside [xxx]S2APldddA @ 3249292413T9^ and $ - match start or end of line. '^$' is empty line.S2APldddA @ 3249292413TH* - matches any number of previous expressions. '.*' matches any string.S2APldddA @ 3249292413T=[] - [abc] matches a, b, or c. [0-5] matches 0,1,2,3,4, or 5.S2APldddA @ 3249292413T{.[^a-m] matches any character not in range a-m.S2APldddA @ 3249292413T]Tagged ExpressionsS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413Ty,\(?\) forms a tag that can be reused later. S2APldddA @ 3249292413TlTags are numbered \1, \2, ? \9.S2APldddA @ 3249292413T>fgrep [options] 'strings' [-f expfile] [filenames] [>out_file]S2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A8 A8 %A8 (1A8 5=3 Tafgrep is a simplified grep that does not support regular expressions, only simple string searchesS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TTIt supports reading a list of strings to search for from a file named by the -f flagS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TNegrepS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TRexponential grep - supports regular expression AND the -f expfile options of fgrepS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A8 :A3Ty.It does not support tagged expressions howeverS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413Tfsed Stream EditorS2APddd6A @ 324929241A83 TBA stream is a continuous input or output of characters, bits, etc.S2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 Tksed uses the commands from ed or vi (ex) mode to allow complex searches, replaces and other text processingS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 T$sed [-n] [-e] 'edit_command' in_fileS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A8 A8 $3Tsed [-n] -fedit_script in_fileS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A8  A8 3Tsin_file - the file to beS2APldddA @ 324929241A8 3T;-n - no output except what is specified in the edit_commandS2APldddA @ 324929241A8 /;3T-e - specifies that an edit_command follows. Must be used if you want multiple edit_commands or when combined with the -f optionS2APldddA @ 324929241A8 #A8 P]3T?-f - tells sed to read edit commands from the edit_script file.S2APldddA @ 324929241A8 .93TZ Edit CommandsS2APldddA @ 3249292413T&[address1 [,address2]] function [args]S2APdddA @ 324929241A8  A8  A8 A8 !%3TD's/sun/moon/g' - performs a substitute of 'sun' with 'moon' globallyS2APdddA @ 3249292413Tj'1,5p' - prints lines 1-5S2APdddA @ 3249292413T'/^Example/,/QED$/s/sun/moon/g' - Searches for 'sun' and replaces it with 'moon' anywhere found in the lines between ones starting with 'Example' and ending with 'QED'S2APdddA @ 3249292413T@Substitution - [address1 [,address2]] s/regexp/replacement/flagsS2APldddA @ 324929241A8 A8 #A8 (.A8 /:3T=n - number flag specifies only replace occurrence n of regexpS2APdddA @ 324929241A8 7=3Tp!g - perform a global substitutionS2APdddA @ 3249292413T2p - display (print) line if a replacement was doneS2APdddA @ 3249292413T?w wfile - saves changes to file wfile is a replacement was doneS2APdddA @ 324929241A8 A8  %3T#Deletion - [address1 [,address2]] dS2APldddA @ 324929241A8  A8 3T5Deletes the lines found between address1 and address2S2APdddA @ 324929241A8  (A8 -53TXawkS2APddd6A @ 324929241A83 T>Named for Aho, Weinberger, and Kernighan, the original authorsS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TCThis is a complete programming language for manipulating text filesS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 T<Uses either regular expressions or C language type structureS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 T;awk [-F re] [parameter ?] ['prog'] [-f progfile] [in_file?]S2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A8  A8  A8 '/A8 2:3 T{ in_file - the file to operate onS2APldddA @ 324929241A8 3TZprog - is a series of parameters like 'pattern { action }' (remember to use single quotes)S2APldddA @ 324929241A8 A8 '/A8 173T=pattern - is regular expression syntax (or C language syntax)S2APldddA @ 324929241A8 3Taaction - is a series of statements that awk will execute for each record that matches the patternS2APldddA @ 324929241A8 3TW awk FieldsS2APldddA @ 3249292413Tz+awk uses fields like sort, cut and paste doS2APdddA @ 3249292413T<$1 is the 1st field (column), $2 is 2nd field (column), etc.S2APdddA @ 324929241A8 :eA8%':e3T~-$0 represents the whole line like sed or grepS2APdddA @ 3249292413TANF is a special variable holding the number of fields in the lineS2APdddA @ 3249292413T;-F allows you to override the separator field (see also FS)S2APdddA @ 3249292413TX awk RecordsS2APldddA @ 3249292413Tmawk processes record-by-recordS2APdddA @ 3249292413TVThe records are normally lines, but the RS (Record Separator) variable can change thisS2APdddA @ 3249292413TV Examples:S2APldddA @ 3249292413Tgawk '{ print $0 }' booksS2APdddA @ 3249292413T0Prints all lines (records) from file named booksS2APdddA @ 3249292413Tgawk '{ print $2 }' booksS2APdddA @ 3249292413Tz)Prints column 2 from all records in booksS2APdddA @ 3249292413Ts$awk '{ print $3, $1, "Qty?" }' booksS2APdddA @ 3249292413T=Prints column 3, then column 1, then string "Qty?" from booksS2APdddA @ 3249292413T0awk '{ $1 = "O/S"; $3 = "N/A"; print $0 }' booksS2APdddA @ 3249292413THOverrides column 1 and column 3 with new values, then prints each recordS2APdddA @ 3249292413TXWorking with drivesS2APdddA @ 3249292413TLmountS2APddd6A @ 3249292413 TWThe mount command is used to gain access to other drives and partitions on the computerS2AP6dddQA @ 324929241A8  A8  W3 T}*Generally, mount can only be used by root.S<AP6dddQA  A @ 3249292413 TBThe system auto-mounts entries found in /etc/fstab during boot up.S<AP6dddQA  A @ 3249292413 T;The /etc/mtab file lists all currently mounted file systemsS<AP6dddQA  A @ 3249292413 TZSyntax:S<AP6dddQA  A @ 3249292413 T` mount [-hV]S<APQdddlA  A @ 3249292413Tmount -a [-fFnrsvw] [-t fstype]S<APQdddlA  A @ 324929241A8 3T0mount [-fnrsvw] [-o options [,...]] device | dirS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A8 -A8 A8 $A8 $*A8 *-A8 -03T3mount [-fnrsvw] [-t fstype] [-o options] device dirS<APQdddlA  A @ 324929241A8 A8  'A8 )33Tn-h - Prints help screenS<APldddA  A @ 3249292413Tq-V - Prints version screenS<APldddA  A @ 3249292413Tu-v - Verbose (detailed) outputS<APldddA  A @ 3249292413T*-a - Mount everything listed in /etc/fstabS<APldddA  A @ 3249292413TO-F - Start running (Fork) a separate copy of mount for each entry in /etc/fstabS<APldddA  A @ 3249292413TrNOTE: Forking a separate copy can be faster, especially when attempting to mount NFS (Network File System) shares.S<APdddA  A @ 3249292413T3-f - Don't do an actual mount, just test everythingS<APldddA  A @ 3249292413TMNOTE: Useful to examine what mount is going to do, without actually doing it.S<APdddA  A @ 3249292413T.-n - Do the mount, but do not update /etc/mtabS<APldddA  A @ 3249292413TB-s - Sloppy mount. Ignore invalid options listed on command line.S<APldddA  A @ 3249292413T3-r - Mount as read-only. Same as the -o ro option.S<APldddA  A @ 324929241A8&+A8+33 T:-L label - Mount the file system with the specified label.SFAPldddA  A A @ 324929241A8 3 Tj-U uuid - Mount the file system with the specified uuid. (Uses /proc/partitions to find uuid information)SFAPldddA  A A @ 324929241A8 3 TL-t fstype - Specifies the file system on the device (or partition) to mount.SFAPldddA  A A @ 324929241A8  3 T~Commonly Used File Systems:SFAPdddA  A A @ 3249292413 T'ext2 - Default Linux native file systemSFAPdddA  A A @ 324929241A8 '3 Tmsdos - FAT file systemSFAPdddA  A A @ 324929241A8 3 T1umsdos - Unix and DOS compatible FAT file systemSFAPdddA  A A @ 324929241A8 13 ToNOTE: The umsdos file system is FAT, but is special because it allows Linux to be installed on a FAT partition.SFAPdddA  A A @ 3249292413 TDvfat - FAT32 file system (i.e. Large partitions under Windows 95/98)SFAPdddA  A A @ 324929241A8 D3 TFproc - Special "virtual" file system that contains system information.SFAPdddA  A A @ 324929241A8 F3 T?autofs - Tells mount to automatically determine the file systemSFAPdddA  A A @ 324929241A8 ?3 T]NOTE: The /etc/filesystems controls the sequence and types of file systems that are attemptedSFAPdddA  A A @ 3249292413 T-nfs - Network file system (Unix file sharing)SFAPdddA  A A @ 324929241A8 -3 Tiso9660 - CD-ROM file systemSFAPdddA  A A @ 324929241A8 3 TGsmbfs - SMB network file system (Windows and OS/2 network file sharing)SFAPdddA  A A @ 324929241A8 G3  T6ncpfs - NCP file system (NetWare network file sharing)SFAPdddA  A A @ 324929241A8 63  T<hpfs - High performance file system (OS/2 native partitions)SFAPdddA  A A @ 324929241A8 <3  T!ntfs - NT file system (Read-only)SFAPdddA  A A @ 324929241A8 !3  Tq-oSFAPldddA  A A @ 324929241A8 3 To Options are:SFAPdddA  A A @ 3249292413 T&async - All I/O is done asynchronouslySFAPdddA  A A @ 324929241A8 &3 TGattime - Update i-node access timestamps for each file access (default)SFAPdddA  A A @ 324929241A8 G3 T&auto - Can be mounted with the -a flagSFAPdddA  A A @ 324929241A8 &3 TLdefaults - Use default options: rw, suid, dev, exec, auto, nouser and async.SFAPdddA  A A @ 324929241A8  A8 AF3 TFdev - Automatically handle block and character devices on file system.SFAPdddA  A A @ 324929241A8 F3 T1exec - Permit executing binaries from file systemSFAPdddA  A A @ 324929241A8 13 T?noatime - Do not update i-node access times when opening files.SFAPdddA  A A @ 324929241A8 ?3 T.NOTE: This option can speed up network mounts.SFAPdddA  A A @ 3249292413 T0noauto - Force explicit mounting of file system.SFAPdddA  A A @ 324929241A8 03 T.i.e. -a option will not mount this file systemSFAPdddA  A A @ 3249292413 TAnodev - Do not handle block and character devices on file system.SFAPdddA  A A @ 324929241A8 A3  T<noexec - Do not allow executing programs on the file system.SFAPdddA  A A @ 324929241A8 <3  T0nosuid - Ignore the suid and guid bits on files.SFAPdddA  A A @ 324929241A8 03  TRnouser - Do not allow normal (non-root) users to mount this file system. (Default)SFAPdddA  A A @ 324929241A8 R3  TCremount - Remount and already mounted file system, with new optionsSFAPdddA  A A @ 324929241A8 C3  TANOTE: Commonly used to switch from read-only to read-write accessSFAPdddA  A A @ 3249292413  Tro - Mount as read-onlySFAPdddA  A A @ 324929241A8 3 T"rw - Mount for reading and writingSFAPdddA  A A @ 324929241A8 "3 T.suid - Allow suid and guid bits to take effectSFAPdddA  A A @ 324929241A8 .3 T:sync - All I/O is done synchronously. (Safer, but slower)SFAPdddA  A A @ 324929241A8 :3 T4user - Allow normal users to mount this file system.SFAPdddA  A A @ 324929241A8 43 T8NOTE: Assumes noexec, nosuid and nodev unless overriddenSFAPdddA  A A @ 324929241A8 &A8  3 T&See 'man mount' for additional detailsSFAPldddA  A A @ 324929241A8 3TrSample mount commandsSFAP6dddQA  A A @ 3249292413 T#mount -t vfat /dev/hda1 /mnt/cdriveSFAPQdddlA  A A @ 3249292413TAttempts to mount partition 1 from IDE hard drive a (/dev/hda1) as a FAT32 files system and makes the files appear under /mnt/cdrive.SFAPldddA  A A @ 3249292413TvNOTE: The directory /mnt/cdrive must already exist. This command allows you to access Windows 95/98 files on your C:.SFAPdddA  A A @ 3249292413T#mount -t msdos /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppySFAPQdddlA  A A @ 3249292413TAAttempts to mount floppy drive 0, (/dev/fd0) as a FAT file systemSFAPldddA  A A @ 3249292413T=NOTE: Again, the directory /mnt/floppy must be created first.SFAPldddA  A A @ 3249292413T$mount -t iso9660 /dev/hdc /mnt/cdromSFAPQdddlA  A A @ 3249292413TcAttempts to mount IDE drive #3 (/dev/hdc) as a CD-ROM device and make files appear under /mnt/cdromSFAPldddA  A A @ 3249292413T)mount -t nfs gandalf:/public /mnt/gandalfSFAPQdddlA  A A @ 3249292413TAttempts to connect to the computer named gandalf and mount the NFS file share called public, making files available under /mnt/gandalfSFAPldddA  A A @ 324929241A8 *13ToNOTE: gandalf must be sharing a folder using the name public. See 'man exports' for details on setting this upSFAPldddA  A A @ 324929241A8 CP3TmUsing /etc/fstabSFAP6dddQA  A A @ 3249292413 TeIf you wish to have certain file systems mounted every time Linux starts up, you can add entries hereSFAPQdddlA  A A @ 3249292413TvSample /etc/fstab file:SFAPQdddlA  A A @ 3249292413T;/dev/sda4 swap swap defaults 0 0SFAPldddA  A A @ 3249292413T;/dev/sda3 / ext2 defaults 1 1SFAPldddA  A A @ 3249292413T;/dev/hda1 /fat-c vfat defaults 1 0SFAPldddA  A A @ 3249292413T;/dev/sda1 /music vfat defaults 1 0SFAPldddA  A A @ 3249292413T;/dev/sda2 /working ntfs rw,noexec 1 0SFAPldddA  A A @ 3249292413T;/dev/sdb1 /winnt ntfs rw,noexec 1 0SFAPldddA  A A @ 3249292413T;/dev/sdd4 /zip vfat rw,user,auto 0 0SFAPldddA  A A @ 3249292413T;/dev/sdc4 /jaz vfat rw,user,auto 0 0SFAPldddA  A A @ 3249292413T;/dev/hdc /cdrom iso9660 ro,user,auto 0 0SFAPldddA  A A @ 3249292413 T;/dev/hdd /dvd iso9660 ro,user,auto 0 0SFAPldddA  A A @ 3249292413 T;none /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0SFAPldddA  A A @ 3249292413 T;none /proc proc defaults 0 0SFAPldddA  A A @ 3249292413 Tk Explanation:SFAPQdddlA  A A @ 3249292413TQThe first line mounts /dev/sda4 (SCSI drive 0, partition 4) as the swap partitionSFAPldddA  A A @ 3249292413T.NOTE: Added by default during the installationSFAPdddA  A A @ 3249292413TYThe second line mounts /dev/sda3 (SCSI drive 0, partition 3) under the root (/) directorySFAPldddA  A A @ 3249292413T.NOTE: Added by default during the installationSFAPdddA  A A @ 3249292413TUThe third line mounts /dev/hda1 (IDE drive 0, partition 1) under the /fat-c directorySFAPldddA  A A @ 3249292413T4NOTE: Makes my FAT32 C: available when running LinuxSFAPdddA  A A @ 3249292413TWThe fourth line mounts /dev/sda1 (SCSI drive 0, partition 1) under the /music directorySFAPldddA  A A @ 3249292413TiNOTE: Makes my FAT32 D: available when running Linux. I store a large collection of MP3 music files here.SFAPdddA  A A @ 3249292413TXThe fifth line mounts /dev/sda2 (SCSI drive 0, partition 2) under the /working directorySFAPldddA  A A @ 3249292413T6NOTE: Makes my NTFS drive available when running LinuxSFAPdddA  A A @ 3249292413TVThe sixth line mounts /dev/sdb1 (SCSI drive 1, partition 1) under the /winnt directorySFAPldddA  A A @ 3249292413TANOTE: Makes my NTFS system partition available when running LinuxSFAPdddA  A A @ 3249292413TVThe seventh line mounts /dev/sdd4 (SCSI drive 3, partition 4) under the /zip directorySFAPldddA  A A @ 3249292413T8NOTE: Gives me access to my SCSI Iomega 100 MB ZIP driveSFAPdddA  A A @ 3249292413TUThe eighth line mounts /dev/sdc4 (SCSI drive 2, partition 4) under the /jaz directorySFAPldddA  A A @ 3249292413T5NOTE: Gives me access to my SCSI Iomga 1 GB JAZ driveSFAPdddA  A A @ 3249292413TGThe ninth line mounts /dev/hdc (IDE drive 3) under the /cdrom directorySFAPldddA  A A @ 3249292413 T5NOTE: Gives me access to my CD-R/RW drive under LinuxSFAPdddA  A A @ 3249292413 TFThe tenth line mounts /dev/hdd (IDE drive 4) under the /dvd directory.SFAPldddA  A A @ 3249292413 T5NOTE: Gives me access to my DVD-ROM drive under LinuxSFAPdddA  A A @ 3249292413 TDThe eleventh line creates the virtual devices used by login terminalSFAPldddA  A A @ 3249292413 TvNOTE: This is required to support the CTRL+ALT+F1, F2 virtual screens and was added automatically during installation.SFAPdddA  A A @ 3249292413 T5The twleveth line creates the virtual /proc directorySFAPldddA  A A @ 3249292413 TiNOTE: The /proc directory is not a real file system, but is used to query system information under Linux.SFAPdddA  A A @ 3249292413 TFor example, issuing the command 'cat /proc/version' causes Linux to read and display the kernel version information on screen.SFAPdddA  A A @ 324929241A8 "33 T{ Reparing a corrupted file systemSFAPddd6A  A A @ 3249292413 TZThe fsck command will perform and file check and repair operation on supported filesystemsSFAP6dddQA  A A @ 3249292413 TIf Linux is not shutdown properly, errors in the file system may occur, which must be corrected before the file system can be mounted.SFAP6dddQA  A A @ 3249292413 T.Linux performs a read-only fsck during bootup:SFAP6dddQA  A A @ 3249292413 T'If the system was not shutdown properlySFAPQdddlA  A A @ 3249292413TAAfter system reboots a number of times, fsck is automatically runSFAPQdddlA  A A @ 3249292413TVIf fsck reports an error, you will be prompted to enter single-user (maintenance) modeSFAPQdddlA  A A @ 3249292413TPIn this mode, the network is not active and you can only login as the root user.SFAPldddA  A A @ 3249292413T2You must repair the problem using the fsck commandSFAPldddA  A A @ 3249292413TKNOTE: Examine the /etc/fstab file to determine the partitions on the systemSFAPdddA  A A @ 3249292413TSA  TO X-WindowsS2APdddA @ 3249292413TNXFree86S2APddd6A @ 3249292413 T?XFree86 is an X Windows clone developed by the XFree86 ProjectS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 T;It runs on many different versions of Unix, including LinuxS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TYProvides the core components needed to use and setup the mouse, video adapter and monitorS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 T\Configuring XFree86S2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 Tz/Redhat Linux includes the Xconfigurator utilityS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TDYou may also wish to try the XFree86 GUI-based setup tool, XF86SetupS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413Tw,xf86setup is a text-based configuration toolS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413T The configuration file is named XF86Config. This file can be edited directly also. You will normally find the file in one of several locations: /etc, /etc/X11, or maybe /usr/X11R6/lib/X11.S2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TDSee http://www.xfree86.org or the manual pages for more information.S2APQdddlA @ 324929241A28 http://www.xfree86.org/3TVWindow ManagersS2APddd6A @ 3249292413 T^A window manager runs on top of X-Windows and provide window management and display functions.S2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 THPopular window managers include Enlightment, Ice, Window Maker and FVWM.S2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TGNOME will work will all window managers, but some features such as drag-and-drop will only work correctly with 100% compatible window managersS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TFThe default default window manger used by GNOME is called Enlightment.S2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 T{KDE includes it's own window manager called KWM, which supports drag-and-drop and other advanced window features under KDE.S2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TJGNOMES2APdddA @ 3249292413Tv/Stands for GNU Network Object Model EnvironmentS2APddd6A @ 3249292413 TGNOME provides not just an easy to use GUI, but also includes many useful utilities and applications for users and administrators.S2APddd6A @ 3249292413 TS InstallationS2APddd6A @ 3249292413 TLEnlightment is on the RedHat CD as /Redhat/RPMS/enlightenment-0.15.5.-32.rpmS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TPInstalled by default if you select the GNOME Workstation setup under RedHat 6.2.S2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TZCan be installed using the command "rpm -i /RedHat/RPMS/elightenment-0.15.5-32.rpm"S2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TxNOTE: Version numbers are subject to change. Examine the files on the RedHat CD and enter the appropriate file name(s).S2APldddA @ 3249292413Tz1GNOME is also on the RedHat CD under/RedHat/RPMS/S2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 T~3GNOME is made up of a number of packages including:S2APQdddlA @ 3249292413Tdgnome-core-xx.xx.xx.rpmS2APldddA @ 3249292413Thcontrol-center-xx.xx.xx.rpmS2APldddA @ 3249292413Tegnome-audio-xx.xx.xx.rpmS2APldddA @ 3249292413TZIf not automatically installed during setup, use the "rpm -i" command in install the filesS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TbEnlightenment ConfigurationS2APddd6A @ 3249292413 TThe default configuration for Enlightenment is probably acceptable for many people, but preferences are changeable so Enlightenment's behaviors can be adapted to make you feel comfortable.S2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 T]E Configuration ToolS2AP6dddQA @ 3249292413 TAccess the Enlightenment configuration tool by clicking the middle (both buttons for 2-button mice) on an open area of the GNOME desktop. Select Enlightenment Configuration from the pop-up menuS2APQdddlA @ 324929241A8 3TVYou may also launch the Enlightenment Configuration tool from the GNOME Control CenterS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413Tr'Configuring Basic Enlightenment OptionsS2APQdddlA @ 3249292413TgThis screen allows you change the behavior of on screen windows as you move them around or resize them.S2APldddA @ 3249292413T[Consider using the Box option if you have a slow processor or limited graphics capabilitiesS2APdddA @ 324929241A8 A8 [3TaThe keyboard focus options allow you to specify how you make programs active under Enlightenment.S<APldddA  A @ 3249292413TKThe "Pointer Clicks" option forces you to click on a window to activate it.S<APdddA  A @ 3249292413TOThe "Mouse Pointer" option activates a window whenever the mouse moves over it.S<APdddA  A @ 3249292413T4The "Sloppy Pointer" works like "Mouse Pointer" except the window keeps the focus if the mouse is accidentally moved outside the window. Of course, if you move the mouse into another program's window, it will activate.S<APdddA  A @ 3249292413TkConfiguring E DesktopsS<APQdddlA  A @ 3249292413TThese options let you define the number and sizes of the virtual desktops and virtual screens available when running EnlightenmentS<APldddA  A @ 3249292413TNOTE: virtual screens under Enlightenment are not the same thing as the virtual terminals available by pressing CTRL+ALT+F1, F2, etc...S<APdddA  A @ 3249292413TeBehavior OptionsS<APQdddlA  A @ 3249292413TThe options under the Advanced Focus tab allow you to configure more options for window activiation than the basic configuration screenS<APldddA  A @ 3249292413T"The options under the Miscellaneous tab allow you to configure Enlightenment's usage of Tool Tips (small pop-up help windows), automatic window activiation and let's you enable sounds under EnlightenmentS<APldddA  A @ 3249292413TNOTE: Since GNOME also has the ability to generate sounds for events, you may not wish to activate the sounds under Enlightenment.S<APdddA  A @ 3249292413TdSpecial EffectsS<APQdddlA  A @ 3249292413TbThese options allow you animate the creation, deletion and resizing of windows under EnlightenmentS<APldddA  A @ 3249292413T` BackgroundsS<APQdddlA  A @ 3249292413TYou can configure backgrounds for desktops using the Enlightenment Configuration tool, but be aware that GNOME will probably override you preferences.S<APldddA  A @ 3249292413TIf you are using multiple virtual desktops, GNOME will only override the options on desktop 0. Use this tool to configure the other virtual desktops.S<APldddA  A @ 3249292413T[ThemesS<APQdddlA  A @ 3249292413TThis section allows you select different styles for Enlightenment itself. Most options affect the way window menus, borders, and tool tips are displayed by EnlightenmentS<APldddA  A @ 3249292413T^ ShortcutsS<APQdddlA  A @ 3249292413 TZThis tab allows you change or add new shortcut keys for window actions under EnlightenmentS<APldddA  A @ 3249292413 TdGNOME ConfigurationS<APddd6A  A @ 3249292413 TgGNOME Control CenterS<AP6dddQA  A @ 3249292413 TMThis tool allows you to customize GNOME itself, seperately from EnlightenmentS<APQdddlA  A @ 3249292413TeDesktop SettingsS<APQdddlA  A @ 3249292413Tb BackgroundsS<APldddA  A @ 3249292413T>Look under /usr/share/pixmaps/backgrounds for installed imagesS<APdddA  A @ 3249292413T9You may use any images you have installed on the computerS<APdddA  A @ 3249292413Tb ScreensaverS<APldddA  A @ 3249292413TDAllows you select the screensaver and delay time before it activatesS<APdddA  A @ 3249292413T]ThemesS<APldddA  A @ 3249292413TThis area allows you to select predefined themes, which control your backgrounds, fonts, window styles, window colors and other optionsS<APdddA  A @ 3249292413T,Some sample themes are installed by default.S<APdddA  A @ 3249292413TEMore can be downloaded from http://www.gnome.org and other web sites.S<APdddA  A @ 324929241A08 0http://www.gnome.org/3TfWindow ManagersS<APldddA  A @ 3249292413T`This screen allows you to specify which window manager you would like to use when running GNOME.S<APdddA  A @ 3249292413T9The default is Enlightenment, but others may be availableS<APdddA  A @ 3249292413TgEditor Properties S<APQdddlA  A @ 3249292413TRThis screen allows you select which text editor GNOME will use when you edit filesS<APldddA  A @ 3249292413T@Default is probably EMACS, but you can select others if you wishS<APldddA  A @ 3249292413T_ MIME TypesS<APQdddlA  A @ 3249292413T3MIME stands for Multimedia Internet Mail ExtensionsS<APldddA  A @ 3249292413T:It allows you to associate file extensions to applicationsS<APldddA  A @ 3249292413TdFor example, clicking on a .htm file will invoke the program associated with the text/html MIME typeS<APldddA  A @ 3249292413THMany MIME types are predefined and you can add additional ones as neededS<APldddA  A @ 3249292413T_ MultimediaS<APQdddlA  A @ 3249292413TRKeyboard Bell - Let's you program the internal speaker beep frequency and durationS<APldddA  A @ 3249292413TSound - If you have a sound card configured, this option allows you associate audio files with system events such as startup and shutdown commands.S<APldddA  A @ 3249292413T` PeripheralsS<APQdddlA  A @ 3249292413TThis section allows you to customize how your keyboard and mouse work under GNOME, such as beeping the speaker for each key press or switching mouse buttons for left-handed or right-handed usersS<APldddA  A @ 3249292413TdSession ManagerS<APQdddlA  A @ 3249292413TThis area controls whether GNOME will attempt to save settings during logout, so it can restore all open applications the next time you run GNOME.S<APldddA  A @ 3249292413TxThis does not save the data in the applications themselves, it only restarts the application the next time you run GNOMES<APldddA  A @ 3249292413T+Only some applications are session-capable.S<APldddA  A @ 3249292413TfEmergancy StartupS<APQdddlA  A @ 3249292413T6If you change GNOME's configuration in such a way that it crashes or prevents you from logging in, you can force GNOME to switch back to its original setup by holding down the CTRL and SHIFT keys while GNOME is starting up.S<APldddA  A @ 3249292413TlGNOME Panel ConfigurationS<AP6dddQA  A @ 3249292413 T]The GNOME Panel is the menu bar which appears by default along the bottom edge of the screen.S<APQdddlA  A @ 3249292413TXIt is used to access GNOME's menu, shortcuts to program, and displays other information.S<APQdddlA  A @ 3249292413T3Main panel types are edge panels and corner panels.S<APQdddlA  A @ 3249292413Tb Edge PanelsS<APldddA  A @ 3249292413T6An edge panel stretches across the edge of the screen.S<APdddA  A @ 3249292413TJClicking the arrow on the end of the panel causes the panel to hide itselfS<APdddA  A @ 3249292413T&Click again to open the panel back up.S<APdddA  A @ 3249292413Td Corner PanelsS<APldddA  A @ 3249292413TrCorner panels are only as large they need to be in order to hold all the icons and buttons configured on the panelS<APdddA  A @ 3249292413TOYou can setup more than one panel, each with its own set of icons and shortcutsS<APldddA  A @ 3249292413TqRight-click on a panel to access a pop-up menu which allows you to customize an existing panel or create new onesS<APldddA  A @ 3249292413TFRight-click on individual icons to move, remove or configure shortcutsS<APldddA  A @ 3249292413T` GNOME DrawersS<AP6dddQA  A @ 3249292413 TMA drawer is basically another panel that can live inside of an existing panelS<APQdddlA  A @ 3249292413T>It allows you to create a new pop-up menu with shortcuts on itS<APQdddlA  A @ 3249292413T]The footprint icon on the default panel is a drawer that contains GNOME's default pop-up menuS<APQdddlA  A @ 3249292413TtYou can add new drawers to a panel by selecting 'Add Drawer' from the 'Panel' menu on the default GNOME popup drawerS<APQdddlA  A @ 3249292413T@You can copy shortcuts from one drawer to another by right-clicking on the item and select the 'Add Launcher to Panel' option. Next, right-click on the panel icon and select 'Move Applet', then drag it to the drawer where you want it.S<APQdddlA  A @ 3249292413T^ GNOME MenusS<AP6dddQA  A @ 3249292413 T2Under Settings, you will find GNOME's Menu Editor.S<APQdddlA  A @ 3249292413TFThis tool allows you to customize your menus and add new applications.S<APQdddlA  A @ 3249292413TbThis tool lets you create new menu options under your personal user menu, or edit the system menusS<APQdddlA  A @ 3249292413TYNOTE: In order to change most of the system menus, you must be logged in as the root userS<APldddA  A @ 3249292413T` GNOME DesktopS<AP6dddQA  A @ 3249292413 TSince GNOME allows you to setup many different desktops, it's easy to configure a different desktop with commands and panels customized for different operations.S<APQdddlA  A @ 3249292413T"For example, it is possible to setup one desktop with shortcuts and menus for playing games under GNOME, while another desktop has its menus and shortcuts optimized for developing software programs, etc...S<APQdddlA  A @ 3249292413T/GNOME desktops support drag-and-drop operationsS<APQdddlA  A @ 3249292413TFor example, if you drag a file from one file manager window to another file manager window, GNOME will move the file from one directory to anotherS<APldddA  A @ 3249292413TDragging a file from the file manager window to the desktop, while also holding down the CTRL key, tells GNOME to copy the file, or create a shortcut to the fileS<APldddA  A @ 3249292413TYou can also right-click on the desktop to access a popup menu with options on it like New -> Directory, New -> Launcher, etc...S<APQdddlA  A @ 3249292413TSS<APQdddQA  A @ 3249292413 "TRKDES<APdddA  A @ 3249292413TeKDE stands for K Desktop Environment and is intended to make Windows and MacIntosh users feel at homeS<APddd6A  A @ 3249292413 T`Major Features:S<APddd6A  A @ 3249292413 TCDesktop - Allows storing files or shortcuts to files on the desktopS<AP6dddQA  A @ 3249292413 TSession Management - KDE can maintain information about the programs you are running when you log out and can restore those applications when you login again later.S<AP6dddQA  A @ 3249292413 T Desktop Panel - The desktop panel provides quick access to programs via a popup menu or shortcut icons. It can also swallow running programs and convert them into a button on the panel.S<AP6dddQA  A @ 3249292413 TETaskbar - Provides a quick way to switch between running applicationsS<AP6dddQA  A @ 3249292413 T?Pager - Provides a quick way to switch between virtual desktopsS<AP6dddQA  A @ 3249292413 T0kwm - This is the KDE Window Manager applicationS<AP6dddQA  A @ 3249292413 T/kpanel - This is the KDE menu panel applicationS<AP6dddQA  A @ 3249292413 TUkfm - This is the KDE file manager application (it has a simple web browser built in)S<AP6dddQA  A @ 3249292413 T] InstallationS<APddd6A  A @ 3249292413 T<KDE requires a number of packages for complete functionalityS<AP6dddQA  A @ 3249292413 Tx%See table 8.1 on page 137 for detailsS<AP6dddQA  A @ 3249292413 Tw$Selecting your preferred environmentS<AP6dddQA  A @ 3249292413 T{RedHat's switchdesk toolS<APQdddlA  A @ 324929241A8  3T`RedHat lets you choose between GNOME, KDE or AnotherLevel desktop by running the switchdesk toolS<APldddA  A @ 3249292413Tx!You must be root to run this toolS<APldddA  A @ 3249292413T;Changes the default environment for all users on the systemS<APldddA  A @ 3249292413TXAfter you switch desktops, you must logout and log back in for the change to take effectS<APldddA  A @ 3249292413TNOTE: The default environment when you select "AnotherLevel" is FVWM. FVWM is a Motif-clone window manager, similar to the window manager used by Sun workstationsS<APdddA  A @ 3249292413T/Same as editing the file /etc/sysconfig/desktopS<APldddA  A @ 3249292413T9Valid entries in the file are: KDE, GNOME or AnotherLevelS<APdddA  A @ 3249292413TuYou can also specify your preferred desktop by editing a hidden file named .Xclients.default, in your home directory.S<APQdddlA  A @ 3249292413TMThis only sets the default environment for you, not the default for all usersS<APldddA  A @ 3249292413TSTo selected KDE as your preferred desktop environment, issue the following command:S<APldddA  A @ 3249292413T(echo exec startkde > ~/.Xclients.defaultS<APdddA  A @ 3249292413TeConfiguration of KDES<APddd6A  A @ 3249292413 T;Some parts of KDE are easy to configure, but others are notS<AP6dddQA  A @ 3249292413 TPThe developers have tried to strike a balance between easy-of-use and complexityS<AP6dddQA  A @ 3249292413 T\ TemplatesS<AP6dddQA  A @ 3249292413 TThis folder contains information about the types of new objects that you can create on the desktop. 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